Vitamin B₆ or pyridoxine

There are many foods that have vitamin B6 in them, and it can be taken as a supplement. Pyridoxine, alcohol; pyridoxal, aldehyde; pyridoxamine with an amino group; and their 5-phosphate esters are called Vitamers. This is the common name for the six vitamin B6-activated compounds (Vitamers). There are two active forms of vitamin B₆ called pyridoxal 5’phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxamine 5’phosphate (PMP). There is a lot of naturally occurring pyridoxine in fruits, vegetables, and grains, but it’s in glycosylated forms that make it hard for the body to use.

Vitamin B6 in coenzyme form does a lot of different things in the body, and it’s very complex. There are more than 100 enzyme antagonists in the body, and most of them are involved in protein metabolism. Both PLP and PMP play a role in the metabolism of amino acids. PLP also plays a role in the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, which are made up of carbon atoms, which are also called carbon units. Vitamin B₆ helps people think better by making neurotransmitters and keeping the levels of the amino acid homocysteine in their blood at a normal level. This is because, for example, Vitamin B₆ helps to make lymphocytes and interleukin-2 (interleukin-2).

Vitamin B₆ is taken up by the body in the small intestine. The phosphorylated parts of the vitamins are no longer polarized, and the free vitamin B6 reserve is taken up by inert diffusion. In order to figure out how much vitamin B₆ is in your body, you can figure out how much PLP you have. This way, you can also figure out how much vitamin B₆ is in your plasma, erythrocytes, or urine.

Deficiency symptoms

Vitamin B6 deficiency on its own is very rare. Insufficient vitamin B6 status is usually linked to low levels of other B vitamins, like vitamin B12 and folic acid. A Vitamin B6 deficiency causes changes in the body’s biochemistry, which become more noticeable as the deficiency gets worse.

Vitamin B6 deficiency can cause microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic problems, cheilosis with dermatitis (cracks in the corners of the lips and mouth), glossitis (depression of the tongue), and confusion. It can also weaken the immune system. People who have low or mild deficiencies of vitamin B6 may not show any signs or symptoms for months or even years. Vitamin B6 deficiency in babies can cause irritability, hearing and traumatic disorders that are very bad.

Vitamin B6 deficiency can lead to kidney disease that is more advanced, chronic renal insufficiency, and other kidney diseases. This isn’t the only reason why vitamin B6 deficiency can be caused by malabsorption syndromes. These include celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis. Some genetic diseases, like homocystinuria, can also cause a lack of vitamin B6. Over time, antibiotics can also cause this deficiency to grow, but it’s not the only thing that can happen.

Risk groups for vitamin B₆ deficiency

Individuals with impaired renal function

People with poor kidney function, such as late-stage kidney disease and chronic renal insufficiency, often have lower levels of vitamin B6 in their blood. Those who have had a kidney transplant and those who have had peritoneal dialysis a few times have lower PLP levels in their blood, too. People who have kidney disease often have symptoms that are similar to those of people who don’t get enough vitamin B6.

People with autoimmune disorders

With rheumatoid arthritis, people tend to have less vitamin B6 in their bodies. As the disease progresses, they also tend to have less vitamin B6 in their bodies. On one hand, vitamin B₆ levels decrease due to inflammation caused by the disease and on the other hand, it causes inflammation related to the disease.

People who drink heavily

Plasma PLP concentrations are very low in people who drink alcohol. Alcohol produces acetaldehyde, which reduces the production of pure PLP by cells and competes with PLP in protein binding. As a result, the PLP membrane in the cells undergoes hydrolysis by phosphatase.

Foods rich in vitamin B₆

Vitamin B₆ is found in a variety of foods. The most common sources of vitamin B₆ are fish, beef liver and other organ meats, potatoes, and other starchy vegetables and non-citrus fruits. A mixed diet can provide about 75% of the biological requirement of vitamin B6.

The following are common sources of vitamin B₆:

• Beans: One cup contains 1.1mg or 55% of the recommended daily value (DV).
• Beef liver: 0.9 mg or 45% DV in 3 ounces.
• Yellowfin Tuna: 0.9 mg or 45% DV in 3 ounces.
• Fried Chicken Breast Meat: 0.5 mg or 25% DV per 3 ounces
• Bananas: 0.4 mg or 20% DV.

In addition,

Why do we need vitamin B₆..??

Vitamin B₆ has many functions in the body and contributes to the activation of more than 100 enzymatic reactions.

Brain activity

Vitamin B₆ helps to increase brain activity and is also required for the transmission of neurons in the brain. Researchers at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom have found that taking high doses of B vitamins every day can help adults with mild cognitive impairment. It reduces the rate of contraction of their brain by 50 percent, which reduces the risk of dementia.

Nausea during pregnancy

Research published in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology has concluded that pyridoxine can reduce the severity of nausea during pregnancy.

In addition, vitamin B₆ is important for many reasons. That is, to keep the skin healthy, to produce blood products such as red blood cells, to ensure the normal activation of digestive enzymes, and to help the body protect itself from air pollution. There are many other uses for this important vitamin, and deficiency can lead to permanent nerve damage.

What is the daily requirement of Vitamin B₆..?

A number of factors can affect a person’s daily requirement for vitamin B₆. Because it affects several metabolic aspects. For example, people on a high protein diet may want to take more vitamin B₆.

Recommended daily requirement for vitamin B6 according to the U.S. Office of Dietary Supplements:

Age	Male	FeMale
0 to 6 months	0.1mg	0.1mg
7 to 12 months	0.3mg	0.3mg
1 to 3 years	0.5mg	0.5mg
4 to 8 years	0.6mg	0.6mg
9 to 13 years	1.0mg	1.0mg
14 to 18 years	1.3mg	1.3mg
19 to 50 years	1.3mg	1.3mg
Over 51 years	1.7mg	1.5mg
During pregnancy	–	1.9mg
During lactation	–	2.0mg

Vitamin B₆ is also available in extra capsule or tablet form. Also, there is no evidence that excessive consumption of vitamin B₆ in the diet has any adverse effects. However, taking 1 to 6 grams of oral pyridoxine daily for 12 to 40 months can lead to severe, progressive sensory neuropathy and inability to control body movement.

By consuming a balanced diet rich in nutrients and dietary fiber, you will be able to lead a healthier life free from vitamin B₆ deficiency.

References

• Pyridoxine (Vitamin B₆) and the Glutathione Peroxidase System; a Link between One-Carbon Metabolism and Antioxidation – PubMed (nih.gov)
• Vitamin B6 – Consumer (nih.gov)
• Nohr, D. and Biesalski, H. K. (2003) ‘Vitamin B5’, Disease-a-Month, 49(11), pp. 664–665. doi: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2003.09.007.

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